I received support from SailPoint Cloud Support Engineer Paul Gonzalez on this issue. The reason this issue was occurring is because, for the specific users in question, their Middle Name was being updated to the initials attribute in Active Directory, and the values of the Middle Name for these users exceeded the 5 character length restriction.
The error message showed “displayName,” “description,” “company,” and many more attributes in the failure, but the actual failure was with the initials attribute, and all of the other attributes failed to update due to this.
By changing the logic to just use the first letter, this was corrected.